Using Sei Strategies in a Siop Lesson Plan free essay sample

This gives the students the back ground on the words used to describe what the lesson is about, and allows them to use the words in context with what they are doing. These words should not just be stated and defined. The students should be discussing them with the teacher. The teacher should be asking them questions about the vocabulary like, â€Å"does anyone know what climate means? † Students also should be given the opportunity to interact with one another and listen to what is being said out-loud verbally. The vocabulary should be put into their vocabulary journals and should be reviewed when the lesson is over. The vocabulary words should be displayed for the students. The reason to display the vocabulary words is that this helps the students to remember the words as they develop greater proficiency in language. The vocabulary journal should not just be words and definitions. It should have the words and the definitions along with a pictorial drawing of the word. We will write a custom essay sample on Using Sei Strategies in a Siop Lesson Plan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Students may not be able to write clearly in English what the definition of the word actually is, and they may not remember all of the English words for the definition. It is important to have them represent the word in a picture to help them remember what the definition is by looking at the picture. By having the student create the brochure about where they are from you are opening the door to a variety of different types of geographic locations for the class to discuss. Some students may be from different states, and some students may be from different countries. Also, giving them an assignment about where they are from utilizes one of the â€Å"best practices,† in instructing ELL’s in the classroom according to Chamot. Effective bilingual and ESL teachers utilize instructional practices that value and draw from students native language(s) and culture(s). † (Chamot, 1993). They can explain their culture to the class in a fun interactive way that allows them to be who they are and where they are from, and allows the class to better understand them. Another good practice for the lesson is modeling. Through modeling what the stude nt is supposed to do they are getting an example of how to complete the actual lesson. This helps them to be more successful at completing the project. Students need to have examples of what you want them to do. This helps them to have a greater understanding of the expectations the teacher has for them. Reading about geology in their history books will also help them gain knowledge about the geographical region throughout the world. They can build on their vocabulary to help them learn this content. By reading a travel brochure together as a class the student will have the experience of seeing an actual travel brochure, and they will know what they should or should not include in the brochure that they make for their home town. This gives them background experience in what a travel brochure is. This combined with the modeling is a form of scaffolding to help the student be able to perform the task independently. The assessment method that I chose was to define the vocabulary words. This is in my opinion the surest way to know they understand and can comprehend the meaning in what they are doing. However there will be students who do not understand the entire quiz possibly and they need to be accounted for. Students should be allowed to respond orally, and they can even respond pictorially if they are low enough that they speak hardly any English. This is of the utmost importance making sure that they grasp this content in way that is understandable to them. The most important part of comprehensible input is making sure student can complete the assignment, and understand what they are being taught as well as possible. They need to have time modification or be given the necessary means to finish and complete tasks. That means possibly providing them with material in their native language to help them be successful. They can look at these at home possibly. ESL 434 SIOP Lesson Plan Date: 10-1-12Grade/Class/Subject: 6th grade Unit/Theme: Social StudiesStandards: Strand 4 Concept 4 PO 2. Describe the environmental, economic, cultural, and political effects of human migrations and cultural diffusion on places and regions. PO 5. Identify cultural norms that influence different social, political, and economic activities of men and women. ELL IV (Correlates to Grades 6-8) Standard: The student will express orally his or her own thinking and ideas. Level Early intermediate: PO 3 Contribute to classroom and academic discussions by giving suggestions, describing events, expressing PO 4 Issue multiple-step routine directions and instructions in a manner that the listener can follow PO 6 Prepare and deliver a short oral report in a content area that effectively conveys the information in Content Objective(s): Students will create a travel brochure about their home town, and be able to explain different geological feature about the place they are from, culturally, and environmentally. Language Objective(s): Student will verbally and visually represent their home in a travel brochure to the class. They will create a map of their local area in the brochure | Key Vocabulary |Supplementary Materials | | |Color pencils, glue sticks, crayons, scissors, ruler, construction | |Climate, Weather, Customs, Globe, Continent, travel, brochure, |paper, sample ravel brochure, travel magazines, sharpie, word cards, | |Geology, region, map, environment |pencil, vocabulary journal, overhead projector, social studies book | |SIOP Features | |Preparation |Scaffolding |Grouping Options | |__x_ Adaptation of content |__x_ Modeling |__x_ Whole class | |_x__ Links to background |___ Guided practice |___ Small groups | |__x_ Links to past learning |___x Independent practice |___ Partners | |___ Strategies incorporated |___x Comprehensible input |__x_ Independent | |Integration of Processes |Application |Assessment | |__x_ Reading |__x_ Hands-on |_x__ Individual | |__x_ Writing |__x_ Meani ngful |___ Group | |___x Speaking |__x_ Linked to objectives |__x_ Written | |__x_ Listening |___x Promotes engagement |__x_ Oral | |Lesson Sequence: | | | |The teacher will cover the vocabulary words with the students, and each word will go onto the board for the students to view throughout the | |week. The vocabulary will be discussed using a sixth grade social studies book. Students will be given an example of a travel brochure which | |they will all read as a class. After they have read the brochure they will add the vocabulary to the vocabulary journals. After students have | |completed this they will be given the assignment to create their own travel brochure throughout the week. The teacher will model this for the | |students, so they can have a clear understanding of what is expected of them. This will be done by creating a brochure under an overhead | |projector. The brochure should have details about the regions weather, climate, and customs. Students will listen to the teacher explain this. | |Students will use pictures from magazines, and they will be able to glue and paste thing into their brochure. They will have access to the | |materials necessary to perform this task. Student will work independently on the travel brochure about their home, and then after the week is | |done the following week the whole class will present their travel brochure to the class. After the class has presented their brochures the | |teacher will review the vocabulary and it will be placed on the word wall for students to see. Students will also take a vocabulary quiz | |matching the definitions to the vocabulary. | | | | | |Reflection: | |Students will work on this for 45 minutes each day for a week, and then have two 45 minute periods in the following week to complete their | |oral presentation. If they are unable to write complete sentences due to their level of English Language acquisition they may use more | |pictures to represent certain aspects of the brochure. The quiz may be taken orally to accommodate the students as well. |If the student needs more time to complete the assignment then they will have an extra day for completion of the assignment if necessary. | |Students may have travel brochures in their native language, to help them understand what a travel brochure is. | | | | | | | References Chamot, A. (1993). Effective Instructional Practices Enhance Student Achievement, Third National Research Symposium on Limited English Proficient Student Issues Retrieved October 21, 2012 from http://www . ncela. gwu. edu/files/rcd/BE024340/Forum_v16_n4_May_1993. pdf

Does Meditation Affect General Happiness essays

Does Meditation Affect General Happiness essays The last decade has witnessed an enormous increase in research examining the effects of mindfulness meditation. One of the basic assumptions guiding this research is that meditation ultimately makes people happier (Choi, Karremans, Barendregt. 2012). According to Barongan, findings support that the brain changes through meditative practices. He states how there are changes in the brain that lead to greater self-acceptance, which creates a larger capacity of empathy for others (Barongan. 2007). Interventions that used meditation to reduce the psychiatric symptoms within patients have become more and more common (e.g., Diodonna 2009), and research has demonstrated the effectiveness of this treatment in a wide range of conditions (Hoffman et al. 2010). In Canada, Mood and anxiety disorders are the highest psychiatric disorders treated. Psychotherapies specific to anxiety and depressive disorders have made a positive change in the world we live in today. Unfortunately once patients have decreased their depressive and anxiety symptoms, they do not always feel an increase their general happiness. In 1998 there was a new branch of psychology that was introduced to the world by Martin Seligman and Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi. This recent branch was introduced as Positive Psychology. This field was intended to complement, not to replace the traditional practices of psychology. Positive psychologists seek to make normal life more fulfilling. Positive Psychology focuses on the good in life, not the bad and does not just simply treat mental illnesses. The purpose of this study is to find out if meditation will increase individuals general happiness. This study looks at the effects of meditation and how meditation can contribute to positive psychology while increasing patients general happiness. Although most studies have looked solemnly at the reduction of depressive and anxiety symptoms in patients, this study is relevant to previ...

A Review Of The Slumdog Millionaire English Literature Essay

A Review Of The Slumdog Millionaire English Literature Essay It’s about a boy who wins one hundred million ruprees on a quiz and he knows the answer to every single question because he every story of his life is an answer to one question. The story is about Ram Mohammed Thomas, the night after he took part to a quiz Who Will Win A Billion he gets arrested. they think he might have cheated because he had all the answers right, but they can’t find any proof. The police tortures him but he doesn’t confess. While they are torturing him a woman walks in on them and claims to be his lawyer. She takes him to her house and he tells her his story by every question he answered. Ram is born in Faharganj where his mother abandoned him and left him for a door of a church in Delhi. He grows up with father Timothy the priest. He learns him to read and speak English. He learns the Christian religion and what is inscribed on a cross. This is the answer to the second question. When father Timothy dies Ram goes to a orphan home in Delhi. He re he meets Salim, he becomes best friends with him. One day they make a field trip to a circus. They meet up with a fortune teller and he sees bad luck for Ram and gives him a lucky coin. One day a man (Maman) comes to pick out one outstanding boy from the orphan house. He comes every year and the children think you get to go to a good school and become rich. He picks Salim, but the owner of the orphan house will only give him Salim if he takes Ram too. So the man takes them. They go to Mamans house and get a good room and food three times a day. But there are only kids with disabilities. Kids who miss a leg or can’t see. Maman thinks that Salim can sing really good and he gives him a teacher for singing. They learn one song in particular. When they found out that Maman tortures the kids and amputates legs so the kids make more money on the street they ran away. This is the answer to the fourth question. What is the name of the song. when they ran away from Maman they know w here to go. One boy told them he got money from a nice actress if he hadn’t got enough money for Maman and she needed a maid. So they go to her house but she can only apply one maid so she picks Ram and rents a chawl for Ram and Salim nearby. The woman (Neelima Kumari) was a really good actress with lots of awards. She showed him every movie and award. After a while Ram moves in with her so he could do more work he also had to cook. One day Neelima asks him to go to the chawl for one night. Ram knows that she is meeting with a man. He wants to meet him so he goes to her apartment but stay outside. When the lover comes out Ram takes a look and goes inside and finds Neelima all beaten up and has burned cigarette hulls on her breast. This story gives him the answer to the tenth question: what is the highest award Neelima Kumari has won?

Financial Analysis for Managers II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Financial Analysis for Managers II - Essay Example It is a fixed amount paid on annual basis (Myers & Allen, 2005). This amount might be constant for a certain period of time or may have a steady trend for some time and may fluctuate otherwise. The annuities and the time value of money are related and affected by certain factors. These are as follows; Interest rates are the prevailing charges of availing the facility of the capital that might have been invested in an interest generating instrument or a bank account. The interest rates of advancing loans and paying on the deposits are different and that the difference is actually the monetary reward of utilizing that capital. However, the actual value of money, even when the principal amount is added up with the total interest amount received as an annuity, is normally different from what it was at the time of blocking that money into the respective reserve under question. This may have a different affect on the compounded interest approach. Since the interest is compound, therefore it yields a higher amount at each step and thus even the actual value of the total of that amount might be more than the amount actually invested depending on the terms, policies and interest rates. This introduces the concept of the present value of future payments and/or income(s) that are expected to be received (Myers Allen, 2005). This means that the present value always differs from the future value. The idea is also related to the fact about the future value of any of the long term and/or even short term investments that were made. They will seldom be equal in real terms, even when they seem to be equal as an annuity. The most commonly applied model of the time value of money is our same old compounded interest model. An amount of money 'C' for 't' years at a rate of interest of 'I'% (where interest of 15 percent" is expressed also as 0.15) compounded on annual basis, the present value of the receipt of C, t years in the future, is: Ct = C(1+i)-t = C/(1+i)t The expression (1 + i)t is a generic form of calculating almost al sorts of present value. Where the interest rate is deemed to be something which is not constant figure over the period of the investment(s), different values for 'I' may respectively be used; an investment over a two year period would then have PV (Present Value) of: PV = C(1+i1)-1.(1+i2)-1 Present value is additive. This means that the present value of a bundle of cash flows is the sum of each individual's present value. If there are no risks involved in the project i.e. the project is deemed to be risk free, the expected/forecasted rate of return from the project must equal or exceed this rate of return or else it would be better to rather invest the capital investment in these (potentially) risk free assets. If there are risks involved in any such investments or a project ventures this can be reflected through the use of a 'risk premium'. The risk premium that is required can easily be found by comparing the investment with the rate of return required from other similar projects with similar risks (Ross & Westerfield, 2007). Thus it is possible for almost all investors to take account of any uncertainty or risk factor

Comorbidity Eating Disorders and Substance Abuse Essay

Comorbidity Eating Disorders and Substance Abuse - Essay Example Using a behavior specific approach in a community-based sample, Piran and Robinson (2005) found that as disordered eating behaviors became more severe, or were clustered together, the number of substance classes used increased. In addition, particular eating disordered behaviors were differentially related to the use of various substance classes. The study of the comorbidity between disordered eating and substance use in middle and high schools samples tended to focus on the association between attitudes toward eating, weight, and shape and tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking, and marijuana use (Field et al., 2002). Nonetheless, several school-based studies have also reported on associations between tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking, and marijuana use in relation to bingeing, purging and dieting behaviors (Lock et al., 2001 and Tomori et al., 2001). However, only a few investigations have included a broader range of substance classes while investigating associations between disordered eating attitudes and behaviors and substance use in school-based studies (Von Ranson et al., 2002). Tomori et al. ... (2002) found an association between the revised EDI subscales of Binge Eating, Body Dissatisfaction, and Compensating Behaviors, and the use of a wide range of illicit drugs. There are a small number of studies that have examined the relationship between problematic eating patterns and substance use in university samples (Anderson et al., 2005, Dunn et al., 2002, Krahn et al., 2005, Saules et al., 2004,). Several of these studies have focused on the relationship between bulimic symptomatology and substance use (Dunn et al., 2002 and Krahn et al., 2005). For example, Dunn et al. (2002) found no difference in patterns of alcohol use among college-age non-treatment seeking females with and without bulimia nervosa. The investigators did, however, find differences between the groups in their reported use of marijuana, opiates, and barbiturates. Krahn et al. (2005) found that the quantity and frequency of alcohol consumption were positively associated with a measure that assessed the combined severity of engagement in bingeing, dieting, and purging behaviors. In their study, smoking cigarettes, even at very low levels, was also related to the measure of combine d disordered eating behaviors. Other university-based studies have explored the relationship between disordered eating attitudes and behaviors as measured on the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI) and substance abuse. Krahn et al. (2005) reported a positive significant, albeit small, association between problematic alcohol use in female undergraduate students and the EDI subscales of Bulimia and Interoceptive Awareness, but no such correlation with the other EDI subscales. No significant relationships were found between EDI subscales and use of other substances,

Economic Impacts of Minimum Wage Increase Essay Example for Free

Economic Impacts of Minimum Wage Increase Essay The Fair Minimum Wage Act of 2007 increased the minimum wage of $5. 15 per hour to $7. 15 per hour. It is believed that an increase in the minimum wage will not create negative implications on jobs, employment and inflation. Rather, wage increase legislated in the past three decades have made the most positive impacts in the economy, as the economy experienced the strongest growth during these times, and at the same time has generated more jobs. In contrast, when the minimum wage was held at a stagnant rate, fewer jobs have been created (Democrats Discuss†¦). Moreover, wages held at the minimum level translates to lower productivity level. In addition, states that are based on the minimum wage rates suffer from the high occurrence of unemployment. This is true in the case of Virginia, Wyoming and Hawaii; wherein the wages were kept in the minimum level which resulted to high percentage of unemployment. In addition to this, the increase in the unemployment rate is translated to changes in the GDP. According to economist Arthur Khon, every 1% increase in unemployment rate, the GDP falls by 2.5-3%. Therefore, if the wage rate is always kept at a minimum level, the tendency that unemployment rate will rise also increases, thus it creates a negative effect towards the country’s GDP (Mackenzie). Therefore, an increase in the minimum wage rate will have direct effects in the economy. First, it will translate in the increase of productivity level of the workers, it will also improve the buying power of the consumers and it will lessen the unemployment rate – all of which will have a positive rise in the GDP of the country.

Morality and Egos in Radcliffes The Italian Essays -- Italian Essays

Morality and Egos in The Italian      Ã‚   The gothic tradition loves to play with the morality of a character and this explains one's egotistical tendencies.   In Radcliffe's Italian, no matter which side of the morality tree a character stands on, Satan has slipped a little pride in everyone's apple.   The role of doubles begins before Poe popularizes it.   Radcliffe works hard to create evil twins and/or corresponding halves to some of the characters in order to demonstrate the power of pride.   The gender roles of both male and female characters in The Italian do not always correlate to an archetype.   Radcliffe bends not only the gender rules, but also the stature expectations of the reader to show each character's true moral state and domineering personality through actions the reader would not usually expect.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Some male characters in this book have values that do not draw parallels with their stature in life.   For example, Schedoni is a monk, supposedly a loving and caring individual who spreads the word of God.   In reality, he conspires with the Marchesa (in a church) to commit a mortal sin, by telling her, "...this girl is put out of the way of committing more mischief..." (173).   This action shows his true color, usually green, and   through his large ego, this jealous nature reveals itself.   If he is secure as a person, these petty grievances against Vivaldi would be just that, petty.   Bonarmo's personality does not correspond to his stature either.   He is a servant whose loyalty to his master deserts him.   He is too independent and too intelligent to be in servitude to a master whom he does not believe superior to himself.   These characters possess too much pride and ego to live in a world where they are not always in co... ... self indulgence is knowing that she saved a young woman's life and contributed to her happiness (luckily, Ellena is her daughter).      Ã‚  Ã‚   The characters in this novel entertain conflicting notions of morality and pride.   Sometimes, these characteristics are at odds with one another, creating the immoral and "evil" characters.   Other times, they cooperate to create realism in these people.   The moral characters are good, but still have enough pride to be dignified, yet not arrogant.   Sometimes, when the evil twins (or other halves) run amuck, things get out of hand and troubles abound.   Though most of the time these troubles spring from the discrepancy between pride and morality,   at other points, dignity and morality work hand in hand to create reliable and realistic characters.    Works Cited Radcliffe, Ann.   The Italian.   Oxford University Press. 1968.

Legal Punishments

The two broadest types of rationales for punishment are retributive and utilitarian. Retributive rationale aims at punishing the criminal for the crime committed against the victim. This approach seems a little dubious since it calls for ‘an-eye-for-an-eye’ attitude towards the criminal. Utilitarian perspective calls for solutions that hurt the smallest number of people or benefit the greatest number. Thus, the punishment according to the utilitarian perspective should be modelled in such a way as to benefit the victim and others mostly and to reduce crime rate at present and in the future. For instance, if the criminal is put in prison, he or she will not be able to commit crimes for the time spent in captivity. Deterrence, incapacitation and rehabilitation are the most popular utilitarian rationales for penalties imposed upon criminals. Deterrence means that punishment is imposed upon the criminal in order to discourage this person and others seeing this example from perpetrating crimes in the future. Incapacitation means depriving criminal of the ability to commit offences as through capital punishment or incarceration. Rehabilitation aims at reforming the criminal, empowering the person to return to normal social life. 2. Support three-strike laws through a retributive rationale and then through a utilitarian rationale. The retributive rationale, in my view, does not work very well for three-strike laws that allow life sentences for repeat offenders. If the person committing a repeat crime has already done time for this crime, there is no reason to impose an enhanced punishment for the new offence. Three-strike legislation was caused by â€Å"the problem of a significant percentage of crimes committed by people who previously have committed crimes† (Harary 2003). The laws aim to incapacitate these criminals by taking them off the street and to deter other repeat offences   through the threat of the life sentence. Rehabilitation is not the reason since criminals are not supposed to get back to society. References Harary, C.J.   (2003, April 4). Incarceration as a Modality of Punishment. Jewish Law. Retrieved on October 7, 2005 from http://www.jlaw.com/Articles/ch_incarceration.html. Hoff, S.B. (n.d.). Review of: Pojman, L. & Reiman, S. (1998). The Death Penalty: For And Against. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 1998. Law and Politics Book Review, 9(9), 384-386.

General Sociology – Code of the Streets

In the article â€Å"The Code of the Street† by Elijah Anderson, he allows a glimpse of everyday life through the eyes of two completely different worlds wrapped up within one universe. He compares street families to what he refers to as â€Å"decent families†. Although the meaning can take on different perceptions to the eye of the beholder, the author described it as a code of civility at one end of conduct regulated by the threat of violence.Within these most economically drugged, crime-related, and depressing neighborhoods, the rules of civil action have been severely weakened, and their stead of survival known as this â€Å"code of the street† often holds many their key to survival. The book Essentials of sociology gives four different theories on why crime exists, they are the functionalist theory, the internationalist theory, conflict theory, and control theory. The theory I believe best relates to Andersons article is the internationalist theory.The autho r presented only two groups of people which categorized their existence within the social contest among individuals and families of the neighborhood, the â€Å"decent† and the â€Å"street. † I thought that they were kind of broad terms and that maybe they shouldn’t necessarily be â€Å"categorized† but they should be more of a description of people. Because there can be many â€Å"decent† people and they can still know the street. The internationalist theory basically implies that crime is learned from the things you observe in life and your interactions with people around you.The first place Anderson says people in impoverished areas learn crime is at a young age from the family. Children are always influence by their parents and Anderson says â€Å"those street oriented adults with whom children come in contact with including mothers, fathers, brothers, sisters, boyfriends, cousins, neighbors, and friends-help them in forming this understanding by verbalizing the messages they are getting through experience: â€Å"watch your back. † â€Å"Protect yourself. † â€Å"Don’t punk out. † â€Å"If someone messes with you got to pay them back. †Ã¢â‚¬Å"If someone dishes you got to straighten them out.† many parents actually impose sanctions if a child is not sufficiently aggressive. † This shows that children can even be punished for not being aggressive enough, so they will have a tendency to be more violent and commit more crime Street families are overwhelmed with the demands of parenting which means kids to have to be able to take care of themselves more which leads to a dependence on the code of the streets and Anderson says† families, who are more fully invested in the code of the streets than the decent people are, may aggressively socialize their children into it.†This means children are taught to be aggressive from a young age so they can better take care of thems elves and survive in their environment. Another example Anderson gives of children growing up around violence in poorer areas is many parents have financial problems caused by drug use which causes more violence and exposes the child to more crime. Another place Anderson says children are exposed to crime is in the streets. He says, â€Å"Realities of inner city life are largely absorbed on the streets.†One reason Anderson says children gravitate towards being in the streets is a lack of supervision at home or a home environment not fit for children. He notes that the children who hang out in the street are allowed to â€Å"rip and run up and down the street† which shows that from a young age these children are being taught they can do anything they want, and in poorer areas it only takes a matter of time before they start getting involved in crime.Also many kids may not be looking to commit any crimes but because they hang-out in the street they are perceived as crimi nals, and the eventually except the label and actually start committing crime. This concept is known as the labeling theory. It shows that it is not the act of being in the street that causes crime it is the way people react to people being in the streets that cause them to commit crimes. Another aspect of life children in poorer areas observe and emulate is respect and reputation.When you don’t have many physical possession ones reputation is seen as all that one has. Anderson talks about how from a young age that a child â€Å" to maintain his honor he must show he is not someone to be â€Å"messed with† or â€Å"diced† the article also talks about how in urban societies â€Å"it is a basic requirement to show a certain disposition to violence† meaning in order to keep up with you reputation you must show that you can be violent and commit crime, and if this is the way the majority of people living in these areas think there is no wonder there is so mu ch crime.The last reason Anderson gives that I believe gives children the impression they must commit crimes if they live in poor areas is the areas they live in themselves. They are poorer areas so living is already a struggle, and kids see that crime is an easy way to get a lot for a little; they can rob someone in two seconds and have money to eat with. An example Anderson gives of this state of mind is â€Å"a boy wearing a fashionable, expensive jacket, for example is vulnerable to attack by another who covets the jacket, and either can’t afford to buy one or wants the added satisfaction of depriving someone else.†Anderson also mentions how sometimes in these neighborhoods police won’t even show p and when kids see that there neighborhood is too dangerous for police it is easier to say I will become a part of it instead of becoming a victim. In conclusion I believe that the internationalist theory best describes Andersons article â€Å"The Code of the Stre ets† and like it says in the book deviance is learned through interaction with others. Crime in particular is learned through experiences growing up at home, hanging out in the streets, trying to gain reputation, and experiences and interaction with where you live and the community you live in.

History of the HL-20 Essays

History of the HL-20 Essays History of the HL-20 Essay History of the HL-20 Essay Introduction In Aeronautics industries, the simulation does the cardinal function, because of the complexness. When we do the testing by paradigm it takes considerable clip, rather expensive, and hard to look into the consequences while change the parametric quantities. The ballistic capsule landing has an history with considerable practical and analytical job because of the unpredictable external-environmental parametric quantities i.e. conditions, air current. The HL 20 is the NASA designed theoretical account for a manned spaceplane, known as Crew Emergency Return Vehicle ( CERV ) or Personal Launching System ( PLS ) . The construct of the PLS has been developed to transport six to eight work forces to infinite stations.A Entire length - 8.9 m ( 29 pess )Maximal Diameter-wingtips - 7.2m ( 23.5 pess )Entire habitable volume - 16.3 M3Entire mass -A 10 884 kilogramEntire warhead - 545 kilogram hypertext transfer protocol: //ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19980169231_1998082126.pdf A lifting organic structure is fundamentally a wingless vehicle that flies due to the lift generated by the form of its fuselage. researchersA including Alfred Eggers at the NASA Ames Research Center conducted early air current tunnel experiments find that half of a rounded olfactory organ -cone form that was level on top and rounded on underside could bring forth Lift Drag ratio of approximately 1.5 to 1. Literature Survey History of the HL-20 After the second universe war the powerful states were viing to rule the revolution of the infinite universe, output in 1969 the America attained their first measure at Moon. After revolution in infinite universe, the demands to utilize the ballistic capsules are quickly increased in last decennaries. In 1983, Vehicle Analysis Branch began the probe of BOR little infinite plane being orbited several times by the Soviets get downing in 1982 and recovered at in the Indian Ocean and Black sea. During the recovery operations of the infinite plane in the Indian ocean, an Australian P-3 Orion aircraft obtained exposure of the vehicle both drifting in the H2O and being hauled aboard the recovery ship.A [ 2 ] . this provided the valuable penetrations into the form, weight, and centre of gravitation of the vehicle. Based on this information, little air current tunnel theoretical accounts were manufactured and tested by NASA.the consequences demonstrated that, the vehicle had got good Aerodynamic features throughout velocity scope from orbital entry interface to moo supersonic velocities. Wind tunnel trials configuration directional stableness at all velocity from Mach 20, trimmed to maximum L/D with 10 degree elevon warps in subsonic scope. Raising Body Heritage Raising organic structure constructs were proposed for transporting people to and from infinite in late fiftiess. In those yearss NASA Langley Research Center developed a lifting organic structure known as HL 10 it could transport 12 people and be launched on a Saturn IB supporter with about 15000lb of warhead to serve an orbiting infinite station. But the HL-20 design attack was received Dec 10 1992A rivision received Feb 15 1983accepted for the publication Feb 17 1993. [ 1 ] . The NASA Ames Research centre developed the M2-F2 lifting organic structure construct, for this mission whereas the US AirForce developed the X-24 lifting organic structure construct for military purposes.each of these constellations was propelled the extended research and air current tunnel testing. Very get downing of the research periods, the primary ends included the definition of constructs that would be reclaimable and have minimum operational renovation demands, low entry accelerations, fixed geometries, runway set downing capableness, and a lower limit of a once-per-day return capableness to the USA. The specific vehicles ends were the accomplishment of a Lift Drag ratio grater than 1 at hypersonic velocities, high trim-lift coefficient, Lift Drag ratio grater than 4 at subsonic velocities, high volumetric efficiency, inactive stableness and controllability of all velocities and of class compatibility with projected launch vehicle. [ 1 ] . HL 10 Lifting Body The vehicle length was 21.17 pess. The launch weight with propellents was 10 009 pound and the landing weight was 6473 pound, the centre of gravitation scope from 53.14 per centum of the organic structure length for the launch weight constellation to 51.82 per centum for the landing status. From: NASA Reference publication 1332 1994 HL-20 chronologies 1983 January 1-NASA Langley begins surveies taking to HL-20 The vehicle analysis subdivision began probe of the Soviet BOR-4 little theoretical accounts were tested in NASA air current tunnels and demonstrated that the vehicle had good aerodynamic features throughout the velocity scope orbital entry interface to moo supersonic velocities. The Soviet design had a 2400 kilometer cross-range capableness and outstandingly benign thermic profile at peak warming conditions. Therefore Langley adopted it as a baseline for a Crew Emergency Rescue Vehicle to backup or replace the bird after 1986 Challenger accident. 1989 October 1 -Rockwell Begins twelvemonth long contracted survey of HL-20 Rockwell International ( Space System Division ) began a year-long contracted attempt managed by the Langley Research Centre to execute in an in-depth survey of personal Logistics system design and operations with HL-20 construct as a baseline. The infinite plane would supplement the bird in support of the infinite station freedom. 1991 October 1 Lockheed Feasibility surveies of HL-20 Lockheed Advance Development Company began a survey to find the feasibleness of developing a paradigm and operational system. The survey aims were to entree proficient properties, to find flight making demands, and develop cost and agenda estimations. 1991 December 1 HL-20 Mock-up trials completed NASA, North Carolina State University and North Carolina A A ; T University built a all-out theoretical account of the HL-20 for human factors research on the construct. In the terminal, Space station Freedom became the International Space Station. As the initial crew exigency deliverance vehicle, the Russian Soyuz ballistic capsule was selected. However NASA, looking for a higher-capacity option and concern about dependable handiness of the Soyuz in the hereafter, did get down development of the X-38CERV in 1997. The X-38 was nevertheless based on the Johnson construct of parachute-assisted landing, and used the pure -USA X-24 raising organic structure form. History of simulation In last decennaries of the 20th century, AIAA Modeling and Simulation Technical Committee were affecting to develop the aircraft/spacecraft theoretical accounts. When they developed the simulations they had identified and include the basic simulation parametric quantities for airframe theoretical account such as map tabular arraies, block diagram, mathematical equation ( nonlinear partial equations ) and verification trial informations to look into the information before shear the information with another modal. The information should be able to construe to the standard format or codification by the internal designer of the simulation. In late ninetiess they developed candidate format to the aerodynamic subdivision of the simulation theoretical account i.e. if want to unclutter or interchange the informations, mathematical equations, definitions and the map tabular arraies are required. When we consider the HL-20 NASA model the aerodynamic theoretical account contains 51 variables such as 168 one and two dimensional tabular array, four breakpoint sets, and sum of 6240 informations point. It defines the end products for six aero dynamic coefficients i.e. Cx, Cy, Cz, Cl, Cm, Cn as a map in angles of onslaught ( AOA ) angle of slide ship, Mach figure, Airspeed and angular organic structure rate. This includes the non additive map as interpolated tabular arraies, switches and absolute value elements in the variable definitions. From Evaluation of a Candidate Flight Dynamics Model Simulation Standard Exchange Format E. Bruce Jackson*NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23681 Bruce L. HildrethaˆSAIC, Lexington Park, MD 20653 Brent W. Yorkaˆ?Naval Air Systems Command, Patuxent River MD 20670 and William B. ClevelandAÂ §Northrop Grumman Information Technology, Moffett Field, CA 94035 Chapter 2 Theoretical analysis Modeling premises and restrictions The simulation of the ballistic capsule system is complicated system, so for easy work and analysis we assume the theoretical account or geometry of HL 20 as follows. HL 20 airframe is laterally symmetrical The airframe consists of three type of motion during winging i.e. the pitch motion, Yaw motion, and Roll motion. If we do nt pattern laterally symmetrical we are non able to pull off the steady province on turn overing motion. It makes more complicate. Therefore we assume the airframe is laterally symmetrical. It s incompressible i.e. the squeezability effects can be negligible The Mach figure is an of import parametric quantity in flight mechanics ; it can be calculated by the undermentioned equation Harmonizing above equation the Mach figure is depended on fluid speed. If the fluid can be compressible, the encircled fluid of the airspeed index speed ca nt be the same as outside fluid speed. And besides the squeezability can change with regard to the velocity of the airframe. Therefore we assume the fluid is incompressible. The airframe is stiff and consists of steady mass The airframe contains three chief constituents such as fuselage, wings, tail. If the airframe is non stiff the constituents can deform from the original form. So the minutes of the airframe can be varied due to the distortion. If they do nt dwell steady mass the force can change during the gesture of the airframe. It makes the fluctuation in the inactiveness. Therefore we assume that, the theoretical account is stiff and consists of steady mass. The control effectivity is varied nonlinearly with the angle of onslaught AOA, and linearly with the Angle of Deflection he environmental theoretical account is non-linear 6 grade of freedom. When we consider the ballistic capsule, there are four forces moving on it. By seting them we can command the airframe and glide it. Raising force The lifting force is produce by the dynamic consequence of the air moving on the aerofoil i.e. due to the force per unit area difference Bernoulli s principal. It acts perpendicular to the ballistic capsule s way through the Centre of lift, which depends on the form of the ballistic capsule and airspeed. If the airframe flies in the vacuumed infinite the lifting force is zero. Because the denseness tends to zero. Thrust force The forward force green goodss by the power works or propeller/rotor. It opposes or overcomes the force of drag.A As general regulation, it acts parallel to the longitudinal axis. For ballistic capsule traveling the thrust force must be exerted and be greater than drag force. The ballistic capsule has to travel until equalise the retarding force force by thrust force to keep the changeless speed.A The thrust force can be calculated by the undermentioned equation. If airframe flies in the vacuumed part there is no thrust force. Because mass of the air peers to zero. Drag force The retarding force force is a clash force, which is generated by the interaction and contact of the solid organic structure with fluid. We can cut down the retarding force force by theoretical account the appropriate form of the airframe. Drag force can be calculated by the undermentioned equation. Centre of gravitation By and large the ballistic capsule is design like a Kite, so we can anaysis the place of the gravitation by analysis the Centre of the gravitation of the kite. The merchandise of Centre of gravitation and weight peers the amount of the merchandises of the constituent weights and distances. i.eA W*cg= ? W*d So W*cg =WL*dL+ WF*dF+WW*dW+WU*dU The above diagram illustrates the mass distribution of the ballistic capsule. So, in order to alter the angle of falling we can utilize the weight favorably i.e. which associates the trust force during the landing but during the raising it acts on opposite way of the ballistic capsule path.A The co-ordinate system When we consider the infinite trade gestures, the gesture is calculated and guided harmonizing three sets of co-ordinate system. The air current axis o X axis positive in the way of the on-going air o Y axis positive to right ofA X axis perpendicular o Z axis positiveA downwards, perpendicularA to X-Y plane Inertial axis o X axis positive forward through olfactory organ of the aircraft/spacecraft o Y axis positive to compensate of X axis o Z axis positiveA downwards, perpendicularA to X-Y plane Earth axis o X axis positive in way of north o Y axis positive in the way of the East o Z axis positive towards the Centre of the Earth The communicating system Basic mechanism The ballistic capsule landing is a broad scope of analysis with several parametric quantities. Some of them related with ballistic capsule elements and radio detection and ranging system, some parametric quantities related with atmosphere/ environmental factors and some are related with the control system from the ground/ infinite station. The following tabular array illustrates the parametric quantities relationship. The ballistic capsule consists of several systems to observe the alterations in parametric quantities. Inactive Pressure system The ALT metre is functioned by the inactive force per unit area system and besides the airspeed index is functioned by the inactive force per unit area system and pilot force per unit area system. The inactive force per unit area system is placed opened to the outside of the airframe to feel the atmosphere force per unit area. The narrow gap is described as inactive port. This system has to fixed really accurately with the airframe, i.e. we have to see the all possible angle of onslaught and do certain the inactive force per unit area is really near to the atmosphere force per unit area. ALT metre The ALT metre is used to mensurate the height of the airframe. The ALT metre is calibrated to demo the force per unit area straight as an height above average sea degree harmonizing the International Standard Atmosphere ISA. The attitude Indicator It is besides known as unreal skyline, which gives the direction about the comparative attitude to the skyline. Harmonizing this information we can state that, whether the wings are flat and if the aircraft olfactory organ is indicating above or below to horizon. The airspeed index The airspeed index gives the airspeed. It functions by the inactive force per unit area and the pilot force per unit area system. The airspeed index besides calibrate for the sea degree atmosphere. When the temperature/pressure combination yields the denseness height higher than sea degree, the airspeed indicates the lower airspeed.A In other manus, if the denseness height is less than sea degree the airspeed index detects the faster airspeed. True airspeed True airspeed can be defined by, the comparative velocity of the airframe with regard to the air mass. The pilotage system is worked by garnering the true velocity and some other informations. The true airspeed can be calculated by the undermentioned equation. Indicated airspeed The airspeed index ASI works harmonizing the Pitot tubing rule. It reads straight by the airspeed index and besides it is straight related with graduated airspeed. Calibrated airspeed The airspeed index has got two types of mistakes such as in instrument mistake, and place mistake. After correct those mistakes, the airspeed index will demo the new value, which is called graduated airspeed. The CAS can be calculated by the undermentioned equation. True height The true height is measured by the airframe from average sea degree, but unluckily the airframe ca nt mensurate the true height. It can mensurate merely indicated height. During the landing i.e. attack really near to anchor the indicated latitude is really near to the true height. Indicated height The indicated height is straight measured by the ALT metre of the airframe. It is utile to keep the terrain/obstacle clearance and keep the perpendicular separation to following airframe that passes over the airframe. Pressure height When the airframe flies above 18000 pess with high velocity ( subsonic velocity or hypersonic velocity ) , acquiring up-to-date ALT metre scene is non practically possible. And besides we ca nt presume the Indicated height is same as true height due to the high difference between them by the high above describing Stationss. So the force per unit area altitudeA A does non incorporate terrain, it consists merely perpendicular separation. Absolute height The absolute height means the tallness of the airframe from the land. If the airframe flies over the coastal country the absolute height is same as true height. But if the airframe flies over the hill the absolute height is changing with the fluctuation of the tallness of mountain. This is really of import to forestall from the airframe clangs with land. Density height The lifting force is depends on the denseness atmosphere, during the winging the the denseness is changing with the height alterations. And besides the engine wants O for the burning, if the denseness of air decreases the concentration of the O in air besides lessening. So it makes the Chemically Oxygen Demand ( COD ) consequence, Yield the engine generates less power so the thrust force can be decreased. So the denseness height is used to detect and keep the air denseness of encircled air. From hypertext transfer protocol: //www.meretrix.com/~harry/flying/notes/altitudes.html The impetus angle The impetus angle means the angle between longitude and the way of the airframe. The impetus index measures the impetus angle. The header Index The header index is besides known as directional gyro or gyro compass. It displays the aircraft header belongs the geographical North. The horizontal Situation Indicator can be replacing to the header index. Turn index The bend index measures the way of turnings and the rate of turnings. The quality of bend is besides can be discernible by utilizing the bend index. Slats Slate is a instrument fixed at the aerodynamic surface of the taking border in wings. It used to alter the wings shape unnaturally to do higher angle of onslaught. Slates contribute the safety and decelerate taking off or landing. Static Air Temperature The inactive air temperature is measured by specially modified temperature mounded on the airframe surface. The investigation is designed to convey the air to rest relation to the airframe i.e. the velocity of the air is same as airframe s velocity. But practically the air is seemed as tight ( Adiabatic procedure ) . So the entire temperature is bigger than the inactive temperature. The relationship between the inactive temperature and entire temperature is given by the undermentioned equation. Pitch Axial rotation Yaw Basic depressions and Principles During the flying clip the airframe is hold in the air due to the raising force. There are several account for the coevals of the raising force. By and large the proponentsA of the statements belong into two topographic points. Bernoulli s rule Newton s postion Bernoulli s rule The Bernoulli s rules states that addition in the velocity of the fluid occurs at the same time with a lessening in force per unit area or lessening in a fluid s possible energy. The Bernoulli s rule can be applicable for incompressible laminar flow. It can be describes in mathematical signifier as follows. Newton s first low The organic structure at remainder will stay at remainder and a organic structure in a gesture will go on in consecutive line gesture unless subjected to an external applied force. Newton s 3rd low For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Assignment 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Assignment 6 - Essay Example and Czech Republic, especially reinforced after 1993 ("U.S. Department of State," July 2009). Since Steve proposes to set up Pizza outlets at Czech, he must address issues related to their eating habits, and factors that would affect the customer services:- Czechs are primarily meat eaters; pork, beef and chicken based dishes are popular. Goose, rabbit, duck are found in many common dishes. Many of Europe's popular cakes and pastries have a Czech origin. From a marketing perspective, Chicago style Pizza would have to be positioned against the Czech's popular fried cheese. The cultural differences between U.S. and Czechs are addressable, and should not unduly hamper Steve's business prospects. As a marketing strategy, Steve may wish to explore a few possibilities, such as, to provide: The primary economical advantage to Steve would be the lower wage expectations by Czechs. Hofstede's four dimension indices (http://www.geert-hofstede.com/) can be used to evaluate the business climate at Czech:- Power Distance Index (PDI): This represents the extent to which inequality in society is endorsed by people. The PDI of Czech is 57, as against the U.S. which is 40. Steve can therefore use his positional power, and expect Czech employees to be more subservient than the U.S. counterparts. Individualism (IDV): This repr... As a marketing strategy, Steve may wish to explore a few possibilities, such as, to provide: Combo flavors - Chicago style pizza with Czech fried cheese. Differential discount pricing for kids and "generation-next", targeting young adults. Weekend packages for families with ambience as near as Czech cottages and summer houses. Sober, but caring hospitality. Q.2 What comparative advantages exist in the Czech Can Steve take advantage of these The primary economical advantage to Steve would be the lower wage expectations by Czechs. Hofstede's four dimension indices (http://www.geert-hofstede.com/) can be used to evaluate the business climate at Czech:- Power Distance Index (PDI): This represents the extent to which inequality in society is endorsed by people. The PDI of Czech is 57, as against the U.S. which is 40. Steve can therefore use his positional power, and expect Czech employees to be more subservient than the U.S. counterparts. Individualism (IDV): This represents the extent to which individuals are knit into tight groups, including extended family. A lower index indicates tight grouping, whereas, higher index reflects individualism. As against Czechs index of 58, the U.S. stands at 91. This means that relatively Czechs are more group (as well as, family) oriented. Steve can use this fact to market group discount pricing strategies on eateries. Steve should also use the advantage of knowing Czech culture for better market strategy. Masculinity (MAS): A higher index means assertive (masculine) behavior versus a lower index which indicates caring (feminine) traits. As against Czechs index of 57, the U.S. stands at 62. Although this is a marginal difference, yet it does indicate that Czechs would expect a

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 31

Assignment Example In the case of Motorola, the site makes explicit reference to the company being a Google firm, also connecting with its customers via the brand cachet of Google and its massive influence in technology and in the decision-making of technology buyers and enthusiasts. The Motorola brand and organization, in this case, leverages the strong brand image of Google among not just that subculture of smart phone users that are heavily into technology in general and in Android and smart phones in general, but also the general mass of consumers who are intimate with Google as both a provider of search and of advertising related to search. Here the Motorola brand makes use of the wide reach of Google through its popular mass media properties too, chief among them YouTube, to also further reinforce its attempt to lure in the mass market customers in different parts of the world. The marketing mix element of price, which is deliberately set low for its mass market phones, is reinforced by its lever aging the Google name in its web pages (Motorola Mobility LLC, 2014). In the case of music marketers like Tower, on the other hand, the key social influences relate to the way the site leverages music icons such as Michael Jackson, who by their stature even post-death constitute a heavy influence on the opinions of music consumers, to lure in a wide demographic of music lovers into its site (Tower.com, 2014). The literature states that certain products lend themselves to heavier advertising than others, because of various aspects of the product, such as the product’s being new; the complexity factor associated with the product and its features and benefits; the need to highlight differentiating factors of the product; intense competition; the novelty of the product requiring intensive education and explanation; and the product being of wide appeal to many different market segments for different purposes, requiring different advertisements that cater